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Acylhydrazone-based fluorescent conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) with inter-and intra-hydrogen bonding-controlled emissive properties were prepared. The synthesized CMPs (<b>BH-CMP</b> and <b>ABH-CMP</b>) were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, solid-state ¹³C cross polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Interestingly, <b>BH-CMP</b> exhibited emission enhancement via adsorption of water molecules, whereas the emission of <b>ABH-CMP</b>, which possesses free amine groups, decreased upon the addition of water molecules. The differences in the emission trends of <b>BH-CMP</b> and <b>ABH-CMP</b> in the presence of water molecules originate from the formation of different hydrogen-bonding networks in each CMP. The acylhydrazone-based CMPs were applied to the detection of nitroaromatic compounds. As a result, <b>ABH-CMP</b> in DMF exhibited high selectivity for 1,3,5-trinitrotoluene (TNT) over other nitroaromatic compounds nitrobenzene, 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene, 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene, and 2,4-dinitrotoluene.