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Se analiza el concepto de atención primaria de salud (APS) y se describen sus actividades básicas explícitas en la clásica Declaración de Alma-Atá, conjuntamente con una sintética valoración epidemiológica de esas actividades y su aplicación por el equipo de salud del consultorio, cuyo quehacer en los últimos 10 años se ha afianzado, prioritaria y paradójicamente, en la ejecución acrítica de programas de control, lo que tiende a tergiversar su encargo social. En las actuales circunstancias en que se debate el sistema nacional de salud, el tema pretende estimular alternativas que definitivamente lo reformen, como las dirigidas a reorientar el desempeño del Médico y la Enfermera de Familia, esencialmente sustentado en la APS.<br>The concept of Primary Health Care is analyzed and its basic activities explained in the classical Alma-Atá Declaration are described together with the presentation of a summarized epidemiological assessment of these activities and their carrying out by the health team of the doctor&acute;s office, whose work in the last 10 years has focused, in a prioritized and paradoxical way, on the non-critical implementation of control programs and this tends to distort its social mission. Under the present circumstances in which the national health care system is under discussion, the topic of this paper attempts to encourage alternatives that will finally reform it like those aimed at re-orient the performance of the family physician and nurse that is essentially based on the Primary Health Care.