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Incorporating humic acid (HA) into phosphate fertilizers to produce HA-enhanced phosphate fertilizers (HAPs) can improve the migration and availability of fertilizer-derived phosphorus (P) in soil. However, the optimal proportion of HA remains inconsistent. Here, we investigated the effects of HAPs with different HA proportions (0.1–10% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) on water-soluble P fixation rate, P migration, P transformation, and soil microorganisms, and analyzed the main P forms in HAP using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results showed that incorporating 0.1% HA had no impact on P migration and transformation, whereas incorporating 0.5–10% HA increased the migration distance and cumulative migration of fertilizer-derived P by 0–5 mm and 17.1–30.3%, respectively, compared with conventional phosphate fertilizer (CP). Meanwhile, HAPs with 0.5–10% HA significantly reduced the water-soluble P fixation rate by 18.3–25.6%, and significantly increased the soil average available P (AP) content in 0–40 mm soil layer around the P application site by 6.2–12.9% relative to CP, partly due to the phosphate monoesters in HAPs. Clustering analysis revealed that 0.5% HA had similar effects relative to higher HA proportions (1% and 5%), and the inhibition of HAP with 0.5% HA on bacteria and fungi was also greater than that of CP due to the high concentration of soil P. Overall, 0.5% was determined to be the optimal amount of HA for HAP production, which provided a theoretical basis for the development of high-efficiency phosphate fertilizer.