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Based on the survey results of Spartina alterniflora, sediments, and intertidal benthic organisms in Zhangjiang Estuary Mangrove Reserve in 2019 and 2020, and combined with historical remote sensing image data, this paper analyzed the invasion process of S. alterniflora. The results showed that: The plant height of S. alterniflora in the high tide area of Zhangjiang Estuary Mangrove Reserve was slightly lower than that of mangroves in the same tidal area, and also lower than that of S. alterniflora in the middle tidal area, and it was more inclined to expand to the beach. The contents of total nitrogen, sulfide and organic carbon in the sediments of S. alterniflora in the study area were higher than those of the sand, and the content of total salt was lower than that of the sand. According to the analysis of remote sensing images in the study area, S. alterniflora maintained a high rate of expansion in Zhangjiang Estuary Mangrove Reserve from 2011 to 2019, and the expansion of S. alterniflora entered a stable period in 2020. According to the abundance biomass comparison method, the intertidal benthic community structure in the S. alterniflora area in 2020 was more stable than that in 2019. This study believes that when studying the impact of S. alterniflora invasion on coastal wetlands, in addition to considering the survey method, temporal and spatial factors and the length of the invasion time of S. alterniflora, the different expansion periods of S. alterniflora invasion should also be considered.