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Brucellosis is a global zoonosis caused by Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria of the genus <i>Brucella</i> (<i>B.</i>). Proteomics has been used to investigate a few <i>B. melitensis</i> and <i>B. abortus</i> strains, but data for other species and biovars are limited. Hence, a comprehensive analysis of proteomes will significantly contribute to understanding the enigmatic biology of brucellae. For direct identification and typing of <i>Brucella</i>, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization—time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI—TOF MS) has become a reliable tool for routine diagnosis due to its ease of handling, price and sensitivity highlighting the potential of proteome-based techniques. Proteome analysis will also help to overcome the historic but still notorious <i>Brucella</i> obstacles of infection medicine, the lack of safe and protective vaccines and sensitive serologic diagnostic tools by identifying the most efficient protein antigens. This perspective summarizes past and recent developments in <i>Brucella</i> proteomics with a focus on species identification and serodiagnosis. Future applications of proteomics in these fields are discussed.