Hyperglycemia and steroid use increase the risk of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis regardless of COVID-19 hospitalization: Case-control study, India.
oleh: Manickam Ponnaiah, Sivaraman Ganesan, Tarun Bhatnagar, Mahalakshmy Thulasingam, Marie Gilbert Majella, Mathan Karuppiah, S A Rizwan, Arun Alexander, Sonali Sarkar, Sitanshu Sekhar Kar, Tamilarasu Kadhiravan, Aparna Bhatnagar, Prasanna Kumar S, Vivekanandan M Pillai, Pradeep Pankajakshan Nair, Rahul Dhodapkar, Pampa Ch Toi, Rakesh Singh, Nirupama Kasthuri, Girish C P Kumar, Saranya Jaisankar, Vaibhav Saini, Ankita Kankaria, Anuradha Raj, Amit Goyal, Vidhu Sharma, Satyendra Khichar, Kapil Soni, Mahendra Kumar Garg, Kalaiselvi Selvaraj, ShriKrishna B H, Kranti Bhavana, Bhartendu Bharti, C M Singh, Neha Chaudhary, Vijayaravindh R, Gopinath K, Karthikeyan Palaninathan, Simmi Dube, Rita Singh Saxena, Nikhil Gupta, A Rathinavel, S Priya, Arulsundareshkumar, Shama A Bellad, Avinash Kavi, Anilkumar S Harugop, Kailesh Pujary, Kirthinath Ballala, Sneha Deepak Mallya, Hanumanth M Prasad, D Ravi, N K Balaji, Raghuraj Hegde, Neha Mishra, Shalina Ray, S Karthikeyan, Sudha Ramalingam, A Murali, Sudhakar Vaidya, Mohit Samadhiya, Dhaval Bhojani, Somu Lakshmanan, Sudagar R B Singh, Nataraj Pillai, P Deepthi, K Banumathi, V Sumathi, D Ramesh, Sonam Poonam Nissar, Khushnood M Sheikh, Manisha N Patel, Vipul Shristava, Suresh S Kumar, K Shantaraman, Rajkamal D Pandian, Manoj Murhekar, Rakesh Aggarwal
| Format: | Article |
|---|---|
| Diterbitkan: | Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2022-01-01 |
Deskripsi
<h4>Background</h4>In the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, an increased incidence of ROCM was noted in India among those infected with COVID. We determined risk factors for rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) post Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among those never and ever hospitalized for COVID-19 separately through a multicentric, hospital-based, unmatched case-control study across India.<h4>Methods</h4>We defined cases and controls as those with and without post-COVID ROCM, respectively. We compared their socio-demographics, co-morbidities, steroid use, glycaemic status, and practices. We calculated crude and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) through logistic regression. The covariates with a p-value for crude OR of less than 0·20 were considered for the regression model.<h4>Results</h4>Among hospitalised, we recruited 267 cases and 256 controls and 116 cases and 231 controls among never hospitalised. Risk factors (AOR; 95% CI) for post-COVID ROCM among the hospitalised were age 45-59 years (2·1; 1·4 to 3·1), having diabetes mellitus (4·9; 3·4 to 7·1), elevated plasma glucose (6·4; 2·4 to 17·2), steroid use (3·2; 2 to 5·2) and frequent nasal washing (4·8; 1·4 to 17). Among those never hospitalised, age ≥ 60 years (6·6; 3·3 to 13·3), having diabetes mellitus (6·7; 3·8 to 11·6), elevated plasma glucose (13·7; 2·2 to 84), steroid use (9·8; 5·8 to 16·6), and cloth facemask use (2·6; 1·5 to 4·5) were associated with increased risk of post-COVID ROCM.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Hyperglycemia, irrespective of having diabetes mellitus and steroid use, was associated with an increased risk of ROCM independent of COVID-19 hospitalisation. Rational steroid usage and glucose monitoring may reduce the risk of post-COVID.