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Novel Azoles as Antiparasitic Remedies against Brain-Eating Amoebae
oleh: Ayaz Anwar, Mohammad Ridwane Mungroo, Simal Khan, Itrat Fatima, Rafaila Rafique, Kanwal, Khalid Mohammed Khan, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Naveed Ahmed Khan
Format: | Article |
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Diterbitkan: | MDPI AG 2020-04-01 |
Deskripsi
<i>Balamuthia mandrillaris</i> and <i>Naegleria</i> <i>fowleri</i> are opportunistic protozoan pathogens capable of producing infection of the central nervous system with more than 95% mortality rate. Previously, we have synthesized several compounds with antiamoebic properties; however, synthesis of compounds that are analogues of clinically used drugs is a highly desirable approach that can lead to effective drug development against these devastating infections. In this regard, compounds belonging to the azole class possess wide range of antimicrobial properties and used clinically. In this study, six novel benzimidazole, indazole, and tetrazole derivatives were synthesized and tested against brain-eating amoebae. These compounds were tested for their amoebicidal and static properties against <i>N. fowleri</i> and <i>B. mandrillaris</i>. Furthermore, the compounds were conjugated with silver nanoparticles and characterized. The synthetic heterocyclic compounds showed up to 72% and 65% amoebicidal activities against <i>N. fowleri</i> and <i>B. mandrillaris</i> respectively, while expressing up to 75% and 70% amoebistatic activities, respectively. Following conjugation with silver nanoparticles, amoebicidal activities of the drugs increased by up to 46 and 36% versus <i>B. mandrillaris</i> and <i>N. fowleri.</i> Minimal effects were observed when the compounds were evaluated against human cells using cytotoxicity assays. In summary, azole compounds exhibited potent activity against <i>N. fowleri</i> and <i>B. mandrillaris.</i> Moreover, conjugation of the azole compounds with silver nanoparticles further augmented the capabilities of the compounds against amoebae.