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Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Na<sub>2−x</sub>Li<sub>x</sub>FePO<sub>4</sub>F/C Composite Cathode Materials with Different Lithium/Sodium Ratios
oleh: Lei Wang, Hualing Tian, Xiang Yao, Yanjun Cai, Ziwei Gao, Zhi Su
Format: | Article |
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Diterbitkan: | MDPI AG 2023-12-01 |
Deskripsi
With their advantages of abundant raw material reserves, safety, and low toxicity and cost, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have gained increasing attention in recent years. Thanks to a high theoretical specific capacity (124 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>), a high operating voltage (about 3.2 V), and a very stable three-dimensional layered structure, sodium ferric fluorophosphate (Na<sub>2</sub>FePO<sub>4</sub>F, NFPF) has emerged as a strong candidate to be used as a cathode material for SIBs. However, applications are currently limited due to the low electronic conductivity and slow ion diffusion rate of NFPF, which result in a low actual specific capacity and a high rate performance. In this study, the authors used a high-temperature solid-phase technique to produce Na<sub>2−x</sub>Li<sub>x</sub>FePO<sub>4</sub>F/C (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) and evaluated the impact on electrode performance of materials with different Na<sup>+</sup> and Li<sup>+</sup> contents (values of x). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were also used to analyze the material’s crystal structure and nanostructure. The results show that the material had the best room-temperature performance when x = 0.5. At a charge–discharge rate of 0.1 C, the first discharge-specific capacity of the resulting Na<sub>1.5</sub>Li<sub>0.5</sub>FePO<sub>4</sub>F/C cathode material was 122.9 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> (the theoretical capacity was 124 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>), and after 100 cycles, it remained at 118 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>, representing a capacity retention rate of 96.2% and a Coulomb efficiency of 98%. The findings of this study demonstrate that combining lithium and sodium ions improves the electrochemical performance of electrode materials.