Find in Library

This study systematically investigates the influence of antimony (Sb) species on the electrical properties of Sb-doped zinc oxide (SZO) thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition in an oxygen-rich environment. The Sb species-related defects were controlled through a qualitative change in energy per atom by increasing the Sb content in the Sb₂O₃:ZnO-ablating target. By increasing the content of Sb₂O₃ (wt.%) in the target, Sb³⁺ became the dominant Sb ablation species in the plasma plume. Consequently, n-type conductivity was converted to p-type conductivity in the SZO thin films prepared using the ablating target containing 2 wt.% Sb₂O₃. The substituted Sb species in the Zn site (Sb_Zn³⁺ and Sb_Zn⁺) were responsible for forming n-type conductivity at low-level Sb doping. On the other hand, the Sb–Zn complex defects (Sb_Zn–2V_Zn) contributed to the formation of p-type conductivity at high-level doping. The increase in Sb₂O₃ content in the ablating target, leading to a qualitative change in energy per Sb ion, offers a new pathway to achieve high-performing optoelectronics using ZnO-based p–n junctions.