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<i>Monochamus alternatus</i> Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an important trunk borer of pine trees and a major vector of pine wilt disease. Although chemicals are widely used in forest pest control, new strategies based on insect biology are offering promising approaches to manage the disease. Although there have been important research advances in this respect, there has not yet been a deep sequence analysis of <i>M. alternatus</i> describing the transcriptome, and no information is available about the gene function of this insect vector. We used next generation sequencing technology to provide a full transcriptome from the four larval instars of <i>M. alternatus</i> and successfully built an <i>M. alternatus</i> transcriptome database. In total, 67,456 unigenes were obtained with trinity software, information for 11,858 classified unigenes was obtained with the Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) database, and 13,007 unigenes matched predicted pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). In addition, genes related to lignocellulose, and putative Bt receptors and genes related to digestion are described. Additionally, the differential gene expression of these genes in different larval stages was analyzed. This study provides valuable information to underpin the development of new molecular tools for <i>M. alternatus</i> control strategies.