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The highly conjugated chemical structure of polyimide fibers has endowed polyimide with outstanding mechanical properties, high thermal stability, good solvent resistance, and excellent light stability, resulting in a wide application prospect in aerospace, environmental conservation and other fields. However, the preparation of the fiber is very complicated compared to other organic fiber. With the expansion of production scale and continuous technical progress of polyimide fiber, the cost of fiber shows a downward trend and the product specifications are constantly enriched, which promoted the continuous expansion of the application of the polyimide fiber in many fields. This review focuses on the preparation methods, structure and properties and application of the fiber.