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Despite the high number of nerve injuries, there is a lack of an effective nerve repair strategy to restore nerve function. As crucial candidates for tissue engineering, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds mimic native fibrous extracellular matrix and create a suitable micro-environment guiding nerve regeneration. In this review, electrospinning scaffolds fabricated using natural, synthetic, and composite materials have been summarized. Moreover, we have also summarized strategies commonly used to optimize nerve regeneration, including topologies, bioelectricity, surface functionalization with bioactive molecules, and the addition of anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition, this review has discussed the limitations of scaffolds for nerve regeneration and gives an outlook for future research.