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Hierodulinae is a species-rich mantid subfamily, with some species bearing a notable leaf-like pronotum. However, the evolutionary pattern and taxonomic significance of the leaf-like pronotum are largely unknown. Here, we present a phylogenomic analysis of the Hierodulinae genera <i>Rhombodera</i> Burmeister, 1838, and <i>Hierodula</i> Burmeister, 1838 based on mitochondrial genomes. We also describe a new species, namely <i>Rhombodera hyalina</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> from Guangxi, China. Our phylogenetic result, together with the evidence from male genitalia, suggests the division of the Oriental <i>Hierodula</i> and <i>Rhombodera</i> complex into three clades. We find a complex pattern on the evolution of the leaf-like pronotum, which is present in at least five lineages, respectively, of the above three clades.