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We report the first case with COVID-19-like acute respiratory distress syndrome after mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. An 88-year-old woman developed dyspnea several hours after vaccination with the second dose of mRNA-1273. She was hospitalized on day nine due to worsening dyspnea. Chest computed tomography showed bilateral ground-glass opacities and consolidations, mainly in the peripheral lung areas. Repeat polymerase chain reaction tests for SARS-CoV-2 were negative, although the serum level of antibodies against spike protein was extremely elevated. Her condition did not improve with high-dose corticosteroids and high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy; she died on day 18. Autopsy findings revealed very early-phase diffuse alveolar damage in the whole lung without other lung diseases. The clinical and pathological findings suggested vaccine-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Serological and pathological tests might be useful to differentiate the disease from COVID-19.