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doi: 10.12957/geouerj.2017.32058 This article aims to address recent dynamics of homicides in the Baixada Fluminense, in articulation with long-term and structural factors in the history of this region. The methodology used in the analysis combines historical interpretations about the political formation of the region and a qualitative research carried out throughout 2016. We intend to show the relations between the modes of action of the main criminal groups that operate in the Baixada and the homicides. An important aspect of the proposed analysis is the way in which lethal violence is used as the basis for the operation of illegal markets in which State agents, both policemen, parliamentary, and members of the Judiciary, participate on a considerable scale. This criminal network organized around homicides consists of what we call homicidal patronage.