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As an important component that affects the storage performance of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), novel anode materials still need to be well explored. Herein, CoS_1.097@C core–shell fibers as anode material were designed via coaxial electrospinning, stabilization, and carbonization. Specially, CoS_1.097 powders are distributed in the inner shell of carbon fibers, and sufficient pore spaces are present among themselves. The unique encapsulation structure, porous characteristics, and one-dimensional conductive carbon shell can enable the CoS_1.097@C core–shell fibers’ high initial specific capacity, excellent rate capability, and long cycle life. The initial charge and discharge capacities of the electrode at 50 mA g⁻¹ are 386.0 and 830.9 mAh g⁻¹, respectively. After 2000 cycles at 500 mA g⁻¹, the discharge capacity is 216.3 mAh g⁻¹. Even at 3000 mA g⁻¹, the rate capacity can be maintained at 83.3 mAh g⁻¹.