The Integrated Amendment of Sodic-Saline Soils Using Biochar and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Enhances Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) Resilience to Water Salinity

oleh: Yasser Nehela, Yasser S. A. Mazrou, Tarek Alshaal, Asmaa M. S. Rady, Ahmed M. A. El-Sherif, Alaa El-Dein Omara, Ahmed M. Abd El-Monem, Emad M. Hafez

Format: Article
Diterbitkan: MDPI AG 2021-09-01

Deskripsi

The utilization of low-quality water or slightly saline water in sodic-saline soil is a major global conundrum that severely impacts agricultural productivity and sustainability, particularly in arid and semiarid regions with limited freshwater resources. Herein, we proposed an integrated amendment strategy for sodic-saline soil using biochar and/or plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; <i>Azotobacter chroococcum</i> SARS 10 and <i>Pseudomonas koreensis</i> MG209738) to alleviate the adverse impacts of saline water on the growth, physiology, and productivity of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.), as well as the soil properties and nutrient uptake during two successive seasons (2018 and 2019). Our field experiments revealed that the combined application of PGPR and biochar (PGPR + biochar) significantly improved the soil ecosystem and physicochemical properties and K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>, and Mg<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> contents but reduced the soil exchangeable sodium percentage and Na<sup>+</sup> content. Likewise, it significantly increased the activity of soil urease (158.14 ± 2.37 and 165.51 ± 3.05 mg NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> g<sup>−1</sup> dry soil d<sup>−1</sup>) and dehydrogenase (117.89 ± 1.86 and 121.44 ± 1.00 mg TPF g<sup>−1</sup> dry soil d<sup>−1</sup>) in 2018 and 2019, respectively, upon irrigation with saline water compared with non-treated control. PGPR + biochar supplementation mitigated the hazardous impacts of saline water on maize plants grown in sodic-saline soil better than biochar or PGPR individually (PGPR + biochar > biochar > PGPR). The highest values of leaf area index, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, total soluble sugar (TSS), relative water content, K<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> of maize plants corresponded to PGPR + biochar treatment. These findings could be guidelines for cultivating not only maize but other cereal crops particularly in salt-affected soil and sodic-saline soil.