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<i>Psoralea Fructus</i> is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and the content of psoralen, isopsoralen, neobavaisoflavone, bavachin, psoralidin, isobavachalcone, and bavachinin A is the main quality control index of <i>Psoralea Fructus</i> because of its clinical effects. Thus, a fast and environmentally-benign extraction method of seven compounds in <i>Psoralea Fructus</i> is necessary. In this work, an ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted method (ILUAE) for the extraction of seven compounds from <i>Psoralea Fructus</i> was proposed. Several ILs of different types and parameters, including the concentration of ILs, concentration of ethanol (EtOH), solid&#8722;liquid ratio, particle size, ultrasonic time, centrifugal speed, and ultrasonic power, were optimized by the Placket&#8722;Burman (PB) design and Box&#8722;Behnken response surface analysis. Under this optimal condition, the total extraction yield of the seven compounds in <i>Psoralea Fructus</i> was 18.90 mg/g, and significantly greater than the conventional 75% EtOH solvent extraction.