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Higher yield and broad adaptation to drought-prone environments are key targets of wheat breeding programs. This can be achieved through a complete knowledge of the genetic architecture of yield and its related traits. This brief article provides analysed mean data used in the research article entitled “QTL mapping for nine drought-responsive agronomic traits in bread wheat under irrigated and rain-fed environments” (Gahlaut et al., 2017). Phenotypic data were recorded on nine important agronomic traits on a doubled haploid (DH) mapping population derived from the cross Kukri/Excalibur. For recording this data, the mapping population was grown during three crop seasons (2010–11 to 2012–13) at four separate locations in India, both under irrigated and rain-fed environments. This dataset is valuable for wheat breeders to better understand the genetic basis of drought tolerance in wheat.