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Lithium-ion battery (LIB) power systems have been commonly used for energy storage in electric vehicles. However, it is quite challenging to implement a robust real-time fault diagnosis and protection scheme to ensure battery safety and performance. This paper presents a resilient framework for real-time fault diagnosis and protection in a battery-power system. Based on the proposed system structure, the self-initialization scheme for state-of-charge (SOC) estimation and the fault-diagnosis scheme were tested and implemented in an actual 12-cell series battery-pack prototype. The experimental results validated that the proposed system can estimate the SOC, diagnose the fault and provide necessary protection and self-recovery actions under the load profile for an electric vehicle.