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Stratospheric aerosol layer perturbation caused by the 2019 Raikoke and Ulawun eruptions and their radiative forcing
oleh: C. Kloss, G. Berthet, P. Sellitto, F. Ploeger, F. Ploeger, G. Taha, G. Taha, M. Tidiga, M. Eremenko, A. Bossolasco, F. Jégou, J.-B. Renard, B. Legras
| Format: | Article |
|---|---|
| Diterbitkan: | Copernicus Publications 2021-01-01 |
Deskripsi
<p>In June 2019 a stratospheric eruption occurred at Raikoke (48<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> N, 153<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> E). Satellite observations show the injection of ash and <span class="inline-formula">SO<sub>2</sub></span> into the lower stratosphere and an early entrainment of the plume into a cyclone. Following the Raikoke eruption, stratospheric aerosol optical depth (sAOD) values increased in the whole Northern Hemisphere and tropics and remained enhanced for more than 1 year, with peak values at 0.040 (short-wavelength, high northern latitudes) to 0.025 (short-wavelength, Northern Hemisphere average). Discrepancies between observations and global model simulations indicate that ash may have influenced the extent and evolution of the sAOD. Top of the atmosphere radiative forcings are estimated at values between <span class="inline-formula">−0.3</span> and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.4</mn><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="57pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="b319be068d47d4cc962731f0488db2a0"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-535-2021-ie00001.svg" width="57pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-535-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> (clear-sky) and of <span class="inline-formula">−0.1</span> to <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.2</mn><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="57pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="78af986369e8b2f89a9fd82a91a7c0f1"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-535-2021-ie00002.svg" width="57pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-535-2021-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> (all-sky), comparable to what was estimated for the Sarychev eruption in 2009. Almost simultaneously two significantly smaller stratospheric eruptions occurred at Ulawun (5<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> S, 151<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> E) in June and August. Aerosol enhancements from the Ulawun eruptions mainly had an impact on the tropics and Southern Hemisphere. The Ulawun plume circled the Earth within 1 month in the tropics. Peak shorter-wavelength sAOD values at 0.01 are found in the tropics following the Ulawun eruptions and a radiative forcing not exceeding <span class="inline-formula">−0.15</span> (clear-sky) and <span class="inline-formula">−0.05</span> (all-sky). Compared to the Canadian fires (2017), Ambae eruption (2018), Ulawun (2019) and the Australian fires (2019/2020), the highest sAOD and radiative forcing values are found for the Raikoke eruption.</p>