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This study aims to describe the therapeutic potential of <i>C. nocturnum</i> leaf extracts against diabetes and neurological disorders via the targeting of α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, followed by computational molecular docking studies to establish a strong rationale behind the α-amylase and AChE inhibitory potential of <i>C. nocturnum</i> leaves-derived secondary metabolites. In our study, the antioxidant activity of the sequentially extracted <i>C. nocturnum</i> leaves extract was also investigated, in which the methanolic fraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant potential against DPPH (IC₅₀ 39.12 ± 0.53 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC₅₀ 20.94 ± 0.82 µg/mL) radicals. This extract strongly inhibited the α-amylase (IC₅₀188.77 ± 1.67 µg/mL) and AChE (IC₅₀ 239.44 ± 0.93 µg/mL) in a non-competitive and competitive manner, respectively. Furthermore, in silico analysis of compounds identified in the methanolic extract of the leaves of <i>C. nocturnum</i> using GC-MS revealed high-affinity binding of these compounds with the catalytic sites of α-amylase and AChE, with binding energy ranging from −3.10 to −6.23 kcal/mol and from −3.32 to −8.76 kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusively, the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-Alzheimer activity of this extract might be driven by the synergistic effect of these bioactive phytoconstituents.