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The double-layer plate structure in passive sound insulation systems can improve the high-frequency sound insulation performance, but it is still not ideal in the low-frequency region. The actuator of the active sound insulation system can adjust the stiffness and damping in real time, with strong adaptability and adjustability. Therefore, in this paper, active actuators and feedback control strategy are applied to a double-layer plate structure to improve the low-frequency sound insulation performance of a water-filled acoustic cavity system. The theoretical model of a sound insulation system with a double-layer plate structure and active feedback control strategy is established for a water-filled acoustic cavity. The average energy transfer is used as an evaluation index for the active sound insulation effect of the system, and the calculation method of this index is derived. Then, the MATLAB numerical simulation is used to analyze the effect of six feedback control parameters on the average energy transfer of the system. Finally, it is concluded that when the feedback parameters are within the effective range, all six feedback control methods can produce significant effects on the low-frequency sound insulation of the system, but the effective range of some parameters is narrow.