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<i>Camellia oleifera</i> oil has attracted increasing attention due to its well-balanced composition. In this study, we evaluated the oil content and chemical composition of <i>C. oleifera</i> oil cultivated in southwest China. The results showed that the acid and peroxide values were in line with the optimal quality index of the national standard of China. Oleic acid was the most predominant and important fatty acid, which accounted for 80.34–86.18%. The α-tocopherol, polyphenols and squalene ranged from 112.36 to 410.46 mg/kg oil, 14.22 to 53.63 mg/kg oil and 14.80 to 52.49 mg/kg oil, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that the synthesis score of introduced cultivars (‘Changlin 3’, ‘Changlin 4’ and ‘Changlin 18’) was higher that the local cultivars (‘Chuanya 21’ and ‘Chuanlin 2’). This research demonstrated that the introduced <i>C. oleifera</i> could adapt to the environment and climate of southwest China and large-scale plant of these introduced cultivars. In addition, the <i>C. oleifera</i> oil rich in unsaturated fatty acid has enormous potential to become a kind of functional oil and possesses great prospects for pharmaceutical and industrial applications.