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Ten phenolic constituents, including three new macrocyclic glycosides (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), a new phenolic glycoside (<b>5</b>), a new biphenyl glycoside (<b>6</b>), and five known compounds (<b>4</b>, <b>7</b>–<b>10</b>), were isolated from a 70% MeOH extract of the leaves of <i>Heliciopsis terminalis</i> by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-guided molecular networking. The chemical structures of new compounds <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>, <b>5</b> and <b>6</b> were established based on comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS techniques. All isolated compounds (<b>1</b>–<b>10</b>) were evaluated for their stimulation of glucose uptake in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes using 2-deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucose (2-NBDG) as a fluorescent glucose analog. Compounds <b>3</b>, <b>6</b> and <b>8</b> showed stimulatory effects on the uptake of 2-NBDG in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells. Among them, compounds <b>3</b> and <b>6</b> activated the AMPK signaling pathway in differentiated C2C12 myoblasts.