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Abstract This article comprehensively examines the characteristics of water samples sourced from diverse locations in the Kathmandu Valley, encompassing density, transmittance, absorption coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient, and molecular cross-sectional area (MCA), across varying temperatures. Density variations, within a temperature range of 8 °C to 48 °C, are reported, spanning from 1.17725 to 1.0015 g/cm3. Transmittance increases with wavelength and exhibits temperature-related variations due to differing impurities among sources. The relationship between transmittance and temperature lacks a distinct pattern, influenced by unique source impurities and temperature effects. Moreover, the MCA estimates particles to be approximately 10−24cm2. Additionally, the mass attenuation coefficient consistently decreases with wavelength across all samples. These findings provide a comprehensive insight into the intricate interplay between water properties, impurities, temperature, and radiation interactions in various water sources.