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Probiotic intake has been shown to improve certain physiological health indicators. We aimed to examine effects of <i>Lactobacillus</i> <i>casei</i> LTL1879, obtained from long-lived elderly volunteers, on blood biochemical, oxidative, and inflammatory markers and gut microbiota in twenty healthy, young volunteers. Volunteers were randomly divided into equal probiotic and placebo groups and changes in blood biochemical indicators, oxidative and inflammatory markers, and gut microbiota were examined after three weeks of probiotic intervention. The probiotic group’s antioxidant levels were significantly enhanced post-intervention. Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels were significantly increased (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) levels increased, but with no significant difference. In addition, Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated (<i>p</i> < 0.05, respectively). <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Enterococcus</i>, and <i>Bacteroides</i> expression was significantly reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while <i>Clostridium leptum</i>, <i>Bifidobacterium</i>, and <i>Lactobacillus</i> expression increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Volunteer health status was quantified using principal components and cluster analysis, indicating that the probiotic group’s overall score was higher than that of the placebo group. The results of this pilot study suggest <i>L. casei</i> LTL 1879 can significantly improve specific immune, oxidative, and gut microbiota characteristics related to health factors.