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This comprehensive review investigates the specific impact of the foodborne pathogen <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> (<i>C. jejuni</i>) on gastrointestinal health, focusing on its connection to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). This review examines the pathogen’s pathophysiology, clinical implications and epidemiological trends using recent research and data to highlight its prevalence and association with PI-IBS. A detailed literature analysis synthesizes current research to illuminate <i>Campylobacter</i>’s long-lasting effects on gut microbiota and intestinal function. It provides a detailed analysis of the literature to shed light on <i>C. jejuni</i>’s long-term impact on gut microbiota and intestinal function. The findings suggest the need for multifaceted prevention and treatment approaches considering individual, microbial and epidemiological factors, thus contributing to a more nuanced understanding of PI-IBS following <i>C. jejuni</i> infection.