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Due to their size and isolation, and subsequent marginalization and resource limitations, islands frequently face significant development and sustainability challenges; but these same characteristics provide significant advantages too. Natural heritage can support many livelihoods, although care is needed to avoid overexploitation. This paper presents an overview of sustainable livelihoods from natural heritage on islands, indicating the challenges and benefits which emerge. Ethical concerns are described along with the importance of ensuring the diversity and transferability of livelihoods.