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<i>Curcumae Rhizoma</i>, a traditional Chinese medicine with a wide range of pharmacological activities, is obtained from the dried rhizomes of <i>Curcuma phaeocaulis</i> VaL., <i>Curcuma kwangsiensis</i> S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang, and <i>Curcuma wenyujin</i> Y. H. Chen et C. Ling. Sesquiterpenoids and curcuminoids are found to be the main constituents of <i>Curcumae Rhizoma</i>. Sesquiterpenoids are composed of three isoprene units and are susceptible to complex transformations, such as cyclization, rearrangement, and oxidation. They are the most structurally diverse class of plant-based natural products with a wide range of biological activities and are widely found in nature. In recent years, scholars have conducted abundant studies on the structures and pharmacological properties of components of <i>Curcumae Rhizoma</i>. This article elucidates the chemical structures, medicinal properties, and biological properties of the sesquiterpenoids (a total of 274 compounds) isolated from <i>Curcumae Rhizoma</i>. We summarized extraction and isolation methods for sesquiterpenoids, established a chemical component library of sesquiterpenoids in <i>Curcumae Rhizoma</i>, and analyzed structural variances among sesquiterpenoids sourced from <i>Curcumae Rhizoma</i> of diverse botanical origins. Furthermore, our investigation reveals a diverse array of sesquiterpenoid types, encompassing guaiane-type, germacrane-type, eudesmane-type, elemane-type, cadinane-type, carane-type, bisabolane-type, humulane-type, and other types, emphasizing the relationship between structural diversity and activity. We hope to provide a valuable reference for further research and exploitation and pave the way for the development of new drugs derived from medicinal plants.