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In this paper cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles with 200-300 nm in diameter were synthesized via a precipitation method using ammonia water and oxalic acid as precipitant, respectively. The as-prepared CeO₂ nanoparticles were characterized by means of different techniques including X-ray, scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR. The effect of calcine temperature and precipitant on the crystal size and morphology were discussed. The results showed that the shape of CeO₂ nanoparticles prepared is strongly dependent on the precipitant. The average particle size as well as the crystallite size increased with increasing the calcine temperature. The structure of the na noparticles was fluorite-type structure in the samples.