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The recent progress in application of carbon-based nanomaterials in flame retardant polymer was reviewed. The research achievements of carbon-based nanomaterials were discussed such as carbon nanotubes, fullerene, graphene and nanosized carbon black, which were used as flame retardant alone, after modification or synergistically with other materials. It was put forward that the research of polymer/carbon-based nanomaterial flame retardation systems should emphasize the flame retardation mechanism. Furthermore, carbon-based nanomaterials should be used with other flame retardants to play their respective advantages.