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In total, 576 Cobb broilers were randomized into 6 treatment groups, with 8 replicates in each treatment group and 12 broilers in each replicate. Each treatment group was fed six different experimental diets containing 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% jujube powder. The group receiving 0% jujube powder was considered the blank control group. The experimental period was 42 days and was divided into two periods: starter (0–21 days) and finisher (22–42 days). Compared with the control group, the addition of 8% jujube powder significantly improved the ADG of broilers (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and 8% and 10% jujube powder significantly improved the total tract apparent digestibility of organic matter in broilers (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Adding 10% jujube powder significantly improved the apparent metabolic energy of broilers (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Compared with the control group, 4–10% jujube powder significantly increased IgA, IgG, IgM, and sCD4 levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and T-AOC and SOD contents, and it reduced the MDA content in the serum of broilers (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In addition, the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, <i>Lactobacillus</i>, and <i>Romboutsia</i> significantly increased in the broiler ileum, whereas that of Proteobacteria and <i>Enterobacter</i> decreased significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) when 8% jujube powder was added to the diet. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria, <i>Bacteroides,</i> and <i>Faecalibacterium</i> in the cecum increased significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05), whereas that of Bacteroidetes decreased significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05).