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A review of the literature is devoted to the analysis of the cardioprotective mechanisms of the Mediterranean diet. Last decades the Mediterranean diet is a subject of studying of cardiologists of all world. Numerous studies have confirmed the positive effect of this dietary pattern on the lipid profile, body weight, carbohydrate metabolism, blood pressure and cardiovascular morbidity in general. In this regard, the question of pathophysiological influences of this dietary stereotype on the cardiovascular system is topical.