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Essential oils from flesh fingered citrons were obtained by mechanical pressing extraction under optimal conditions. Thirty-three components, representing 78.25% of the total oil, were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this study, we explored the toxicity of the essential oil of flesh fingered citrons and the associated regulatory mechanism using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. The mortality experiment showed that the LD50 value is 1.48 mg/ml. Oxidative stress experiments showed that essential oils of flesh fingered citrons can reduce the antioxidation of nematodes and can shorten their lifespan. In survival rate experiments for verification, d-limonene had a nematocidal effect by destroying the waterproof protective layer on the surface of the worm. β-Pinene can interfere with the normal growth of nematodes according to behavioral experiments, and reproduction experiments showed that α-pinene has very strong nematocidal properties. γ-Terpinene also has good nematocidal activity. The results demonstrated that the essential oil of flesh fingered citron has great potential to act as a new nematicide.