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This paper presents an optimal design method to solve the initial optical parameters, which is used for the common-aperture design including transmission and reflection system. On the basis of the particle swarm optimization algorithm, the self-adaptive weight and multi-level screening principle are introduced, which effectively improves the local and global searching ability in the non-linear space. Utilizing the third-order aberration and achromatic theories, the optimal initial structural parameters satisfying the objective function can be quickly calculated. We propose a common-aperture architecture and an illustrative optical design to demonstrate the concept. The system has the ability of field of view segmentation and optical path segmentation, and realizes the three-dimensional compact optical system layout. Simulations of ray tracing acquisition and imaging performances demonstrate the potential of adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithms for flexibility and simplicity in common-aperture imaging design.