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The present study investigated the antidiabetic properties of the extracts and fractions from leaves and stem bark of <i>M. glabra</i> based on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and α-Amylase inhibitory activity assays. The chloroform extract of the leaves was found to be most active towards inhibition of DPP-4 and α-Amylase with IC₅₀ of 169.40 μg/mL and 303.64 μg/mL, respectively. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the leaves’ chloroform extract revealed fraction 4 (CF4) as the most active fraction (DPP-4 IC₅₀: 128.35 μg/mL; α-Amylase IC₅₀: 170.19 μg/mL). LC-MS/MS investigation of CF4 led to the identification of trans-decursidinol (<b>1</b>), swermirin (<b>2</b>), methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate (<b>3</b>), renifolin (<b>4</b>), 4′,5,6,7-tetramethoxy-flavone (<b>5</b>), isorhamnetin (<b>6</b>), quercetagetin-3,4′-dimethyl ether (<b>7</b>), 5,3′,4′-trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-flavone (<b>8</b>), and 2-methoxy-5-acetoxy-fruranogermacr-1(10)-en-6-one (<b>9</b>) as the major components. The computational study suggested that (<b>8</b>) and (<b>7</b>) were the most potent DPP-4 and α-Amylase inhibitors based on their lower binding affinities and extensive interactions with critical amino acid residues of the respective enzymes. The binding affinity of (<b>8</b>) with DPP-4 (−8.1 kcal/mol) was comparable to that of sitagliptin (−8.6 kcal/mol) while the binding affinity of (<b>7</b>) with α-Amylase (−8.6 kcal/mol) was better than acarbose (−6.9 kcal/mol). These findings highlight the phytochemical profile and potential antidiabetic compounds from <i>M. glabra</i> that may work as an alternative treatment for diabetes.