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Nosemosis is a disease triggered by the single-celled spore-forming fungi <i>Nosema apis</i> and <i>Nosema ceranae</i>, which can cause extensive colony losses in honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.). Fumagillin is an effective antibiotic treatment to control nosemosis, but due to its toxicity, it is currently banned in many countries. Accordingly, in the beekeeping sector, there is a strong demand for alternative ecological methods that can be used for the prevention and therapeutic control of nosemosis in honey bee colonies. Numerous studies have shown that plant extracts, RNA interference (RNAi) and beneficial microbes could provide viable non-antibiotic alternatives. In this article, recent scientific advances in the biocontrol of nosemosis are summarized.