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<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Malaria is endemic in Linzhi Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), but the vector for malaria transmission had never been identified.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Adult <it>Anopheles </it>spp. were collected in Motuo County, Linzhi Prefecture on the Sino-Indian border in July and August, 2007. Multiplex PCR was adopted for species identification, and a nested PCR approach was used to detect sporozoites in the salivary glands of the mosquitoes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>3,675 mosquitoes of the <it>Anopheles maculatus </it>group were collected and processed for species identification. Among them, 3,602 (98.0%) were <it>Anopheles pseudowillmori </it>and 73 (2.0%) were <it>Anopheles willmori</it>. The <it>Plasmodium vivax </it>SSUrDNA fragment was amplified in two of 360 pooled <it>An. pseudowillmori </it>samples.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The local <it>An. maculatus </it>group comprises the species <it>An. pseudowillmori </it>and <it>An. willmori</it>. <it>Anopheles pseudowillmori </it>is considered the sole malaria vector in Motuo County in Linzhi Prefecture.</p>