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Aiming at the problem of water burst plugging in karst pipelines, in this paper, a new type of waterborne epoxy resin magnetic self-polymerization grouting material (WEMS) suitable for karst pipeline water burst plugging was developed, and a visual simulation test device for karst pipeline water burst grouting plugging was designed and built. Through the orthogonal test of grouting plugging, the influence of different factors on the effect of grouting plugging was analyzed, and the shear mechanism of magnetic slurry magnetization plugging was also analyzed. The results showed that (i) the best grouting sealing performance was achieved when the new WEMS had a water–cement ratio of 0.35–0.55 and Fe₃O₄ powder misery of 20–40%. (ii) The primary relationship between the factors affecting the dynamic water flow rate and slurry retention is Fe₃O₄ power ratio > plugging length > water–cement ratio. (iii) The relationship equation was established between the shear strength of magnetic self-polymerizing slurry and the magnetic field strength, blocking length, and slurry ratio.