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Cystitis-Related Bladder Pain Involves ATP-Dependent HMGB1 Release from Macrophages and Its Downstream H<sub>2</sub>S/Ca<sub>v</sub>3.2 Signaling in Mice
oleh: Shiori Hiramoto, Maho Tsubota, Kaoru Yamaguchi, Kyoko Okazaki, Aya Sakaegi, Yuki Toriyama, Junichi Tanaka, Fumiko Sekiguchi, Hiroyasu Ishikura, Hidenori Wake, Masahiro Nishibori, Huy Du Nguyen, Takuya Okada, Naoki Toyooka, Atsufumi Kawabata
Format: | Article |
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Diterbitkan: | MDPI AG 2020-07-01 |
Deskripsi
Cystitis-related bladder pain involves RAGE activation by HMGB1, and increased Ca<sub>v</sub>3.2 T-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel activity by H<sub>2</sub>S, generated by upregulated cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) in mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CPA). We, thus, investigated possible crosstalk between the HMGB1/RAGE and CSE/H<sub>2</sub>S/Ca<sub>v</sub>3.2 pathways in the bladder pain development. Bladder pain (nociceptive behavior/referred hyperalgesia) and immuno-reactive CSE expression in the bladder were determined in CPA-treated female mice. Cell signaling was analyzed in urothelial T24 and macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. The CPA-induced bladder pain was abolished by pharmacological inhibition of T-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels or CSE, and genetic deletion of Ca<sub>v</sub>3.2. The CPA-induced CSE upregulation, as well as bladder pain was prevented by HMGB1 inactivation, inhibition of HMGB1 release from macrophages, antagonists of RAGE or P2X<sub>4</sub>/P2X<sub>7</sub> receptors, and N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant. Acrolein, a metabolite of CPA, triggered ATP release from T24 cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stimulated cell migration via P2X<sub>7</sub>/P2X<sub>4</sub>, and caused HMGB1 release via P2X<sub>7</sub> in RAW264.7 cells, which was dependent on p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Together, our data suggest that CPA, once metabolized to acrolein, causes urothelial ATP-mediated, redox-dependent HMGB1 release from macrophages, which in turn causes RAGE-mediated CSE upregulation and subsequent H<sub>2</sub>S-targeted Ca<sub>v</sub>3.2-dependent nociceptor excitation, resulting in bladder pain.