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Nuclear forces are considered based on chiral perturbation theory with and without explicit ∆-isobar degrees of freedom. We discuss the subleading corrections to chiral three-nucleon forces in the ∆-less formalism which contain no additional free parameters. In the formalism with explicit ∆-isobar we present the complete next-to-next-to-leading order analysis of isospin-conserving and next-to-leading order analysis of isospinviolating nuclear forces. The perturbative expansion of nuclear forces in the ∆-full case is shown to have much better convergence compared with the ∆-less theory where the ∆-resonance is integrated out and is encoded in certain low-energy constants.