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Based on the monthly monitoring data of water quality monitoring stations in the Xiang River Basin from 1990 to 2020, the Mann–Kendall test was used to analyze dissolved DO, BOD5, CODMn, TP, NH3-N,Cd, As, and Cr6+. The changing trend of nine indicators, including the stepwise regression method, was used to determine the cross city driving force of each water quality index, and the contribution rate (weight) of each driving force was obtained by principal component analysis. The research results show that (1) agriculture in Yongzhou is the main driving force, and its contribution rate is 67.2%; (2) urbanization has a greater impact on the driving process of the water environment in the Xiang River Basin, and its contribution rate is as follows: Changsha (83%) > Hengyang (80.7%) > Pingxiang (63.7%) > Chenzhou (60.9%) > Xiangtan (57.4%) > Zhuzhou (50%) > Loudi (48.5%); (3) the urbanization of Zhuzhou City and Loudi City's urban sewage discharge not only has an impact on the city's water environment, but also drives the water environment in the downstream Xiangtan area. The research results can provide a basis and reference for the study of water environmental governance in the basin. HIGHLIGHT Understanding the trend of water environment changes in the Xiang River Basin and comprehensively analyzing the driving factors of water environment changes can provide ideas and solutions for future pollution prevention and control in the river basin, which is of great significance to ecological environmental protection and regional economic development.;