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A critical study of the herbarium material representing the orchid genus <i>Dactylorhiza</i> Necker <i>ex</i> Nevski in Kazakhstan was conducted in 2019–2020. The information on the species composition was clarified. <i>Dactylorhiza fuchsii</i> subsp. <i>hebridensis</i> (Wilmott) Soó and <i>D. × kerneri</i> (Soó) Soó were identified for the first time in the country. New taxa were noted for individual botanical and geographical areas. All taxa were presented in the list and annotated with studied herbarium materials from the Kazakhstan area. Based on the collected and available locations for the studied taxa, distribution modeling was carried out for the four taxa (<i>D. incarnata, D. majalis</i> subsp. <i>baltica, D. salina,</i> and <i>D. umbrosa</i>). Bioclimatic data for the present and future (2041–2060) based on four possible scenarios were used. The occurrence of <i>Dactylorhiza</i> representatives in Kazakhstan is threatened by global climate warming. It is likely that some of them may not occur in the country in the future (<i>D. incarnata</i> and <i>D. majalis</i> subsp. <i>baltica</i>), losing up to 99.87% of their modern range or their range may be significantly reduced (<i>D. salina</i> and <i>D. umbrosa</i>), losing up to 80.83% of their present distribution. It is worth considering global changes in planning conservation activities and identifying areas that may play a significant role in the functioning of the national flora in the future.