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The article deals with the pedagogical ideas of Leo Tolstoy in the context of modern education, reveals their significance for psycho-pedagogical theory and practice. The article focuses on Leo Tolstoy’s criticism of the authoritarian model of the pedagogical process in Russian and foreign schools in the late 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the dogmatic and formal nature of teaching. The author analyses the view of Leo Tolstoy on the ideas of teaching and education through the prism of the active, anthropological, existential approaches in modern pedagogy. The article notes the innovative character of Tolstoy's understanding and application of visualization in teaching. Tolstoy was an opponent of empirical pedagogy, and connected the visibility with the effective-practical sphere of personality and the development of theoretical thinking in the process of education. Particular attention is paid to the importance of the religious and ethical teaching of an outstanding Russian thinker for problem solving in spiritual and moral education of the younger generation, the assertion of meaningful values in the conditions of the prevailing spiritual crisis, and the domination of rigid pragmatic attitudes.