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Turmeric, derived from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), is one of the most popular herbal medicines. Its main bioactive constituents include curcuminoids, sesquiterpenes, and terpecurcumins. It exhibits antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. With the rapid development of analytical technologies, remarkable progress has been made in studies of turmeric. This review article summarizes research advances in chemical analysis and quality control of turmeric from 2009 to 2018.