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The present investigation of the South China Sea soft coral <i>Sarcophyton trocheliophorum</i> resulted in the discovery of six new polyoxygenated diterpenes, namely sartrocheliols A–E (<b>1</b>, <b>3</b>, <b>5</b>–<b>8</b>) along with four known ones, <b>2</b>, <b>4</b>, <b>9</b>, and <b>10</b>. Based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis, sartrocheliol A (<b>1</b>) was identified as an uncommon capnosane diterpene, while sartrocheliols B–E (<b>3</b>, <b>5</b>–<b>8</b>) were established as cembrane diterpenes. They displayed diverse structural features not only at the distinctly different carbon frameworks but also at the various types of heterocycles, including the epoxide, γ-lactone, furan, and pyran rings. Moreover, their absolute configurations were determined by a combination of quantum mechanical-nuclear magnetic resonance (QM-NMR) approach, modified Mosher’s method, and X-ray diffraction analysis. In the anti-tumor bioassay, compound <b>4</b> exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against A549, H1975, MDA-MB-231, and H1299 cells with the IC₅₀ values ranging from 26.3 to 47.9 μM.