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Abstract The static properties and dynamic evolution of bottomonium states in a hot QCD medium are investigated through the Schrödinger equation with complex heavy quark potentials, which have been presented recently in a lattice QCD study and with three different extractions. This approach builds a direct connection between the in-medium heavy quark potentials from the lattice QCD to the experimental observables. The yields and nuclear modification factors $$R_{AA}$$ R AA of bottomonium in Pb–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}=5.02$$ s NN = 5.02 TeV are calculated in this work. Our results show a large suppression of the bottomonium yield in heavy ion collisions due to the large imaginary potential. To understand bottomonium $$R_{AA}$$ R AA based on lattice QCD potentials, we propose a formation time for bottomonium states and find that experimental data can be well explained with the heavy quark potential extracted by the Padé fit, which shows no color screening in the real part potential.