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An adaptive structural learning method of restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) and deep belief network (DBN) has been developed as one of prominent deep learning models. The neuron generation–annihilation algorithm in RBM and layer generation algorithm in DBN make an optimal network structure for given input during the learning. In this article, our model is applied to an automatic recognition method of road network system, called RoadTracer. RoadTracer can generate a road map on the ground surface from aerial photograph data. A novel method of RoadTracer using the teacher–student-based ensemble learning model of adaptive DBN is proposed, since the road maps contain many complicated features so that a model with high representation power to detect should be required. The experimental results showed the detection accuracy of the proposed model was improved from 40.0% to 89.0% on average in the seven major cities among the test dataset. In addition, we challenged to apply our method to the detection of available roads when landslide by natural disaster is occurred, in order to rapidly obtain a way of transportation. For fast inference, a small size of the trained model was implemented on a small embedded edge device as lightweight deep learning. We reported the detection results for the satellite image before and after the rainfall disaster in Japan.