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Extension of a gaseous dry deposition algorithm to oxidized volatile organic compounds and hydrogen cyanide for application in chemistry transport models
oleh: Z. Wu, Z. Wu, L. Zhang, J. T. Walker, P. A. Makar, J. A. Perlinger, X. Wang
| Format: | Article |
|---|---|
| Diterbitkan: | Copernicus Publications 2021-08-01 |
Deskripsi
<p>The dry deposition process refers to flux loss of an atmospheric pollutant due to uptake of the pollutant by the Earth's surfaces, including vegetation, underlying soil, and any other surface types. In chemistry transport models (CTMs), the dry deposition flux of a chemical species is typically calculated as the product of its surface layer concentration and its dry deposition velocity (<span class="inline-formula"><i>V</i><sub>d</sub></span>); the latter is a variable that needs to be highly empirically parameterized due to too many meteorological, biological, and chemical factors affecting this process. The gaseous dry deposition scheme of Zhang et al. (2003) parameterizes <span class="inline-formula"><i>V</i><sub>d</sub></span> for 31 inorganic and organic gaseous species. The present study extends the scheme of Zhang et al. (2003) to include an additional 12 oxidized volatile organic compounds (oVOCs) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), while keeping the original model structure and formulas, to meet the demand of CTMs with increasing complexity. Model parameters for these additional chemical species are empirically chosen based on their physicochemical properties, namely the effective Henry's law constants and oxidizing capacities. Modeled <span class="inline-formula"><i>V</i><sub>d</sub></span> values are compared against field flux measurements over a mixed forest in the southeastern US during June 2013. The model captures the basic features of the diel cycles of the observed <span class="inline-formula"><i>V</i><sub>d</sub></span>. Modeled <span class="inline-formula"><i>V</i><sub>d</sub></span> values are comparable to the measurements for most of the oVOCs at night. However, modeled <span class="inline-formula"><i>V</i><sub>d</sub></span> values are mostly around 1 cm s<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> during daytime, which is much smaller than the observed daytime maxima of 2–5 cm s<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>. Analysis of the individual resistance terms and uptake pathways suggests that flux divergence due to fast atmospheric chemical reactions near the canopy was likely the main cause of the large model–measurement discrepancies during daytime. The extended dry deposition scheme likely provides conservative <span class="inline-formula"><i>V</i><sub>d</sub></span> values for many oVOCs. While higher <span class="inline-formula"><i>V</i><sub>d</sub></span> values and bidirectional fluxes can be simulated by coupling key atmospheric chemical processes into the dry deposition scheme, we suggest that more experimental evidence of high oVOC <span class="inline-formula"><i>V</i><sub>d</sub></span> values at additional sites is required to confirm the broader applicability of the high values studied here. The underlying processes leading to high measured oVOC <span class="inline-formula"><i>V</i><sub>d</sub></span> values require further investigation.</p>